Since 2001, 10 states — some bright, bright blue (California, Illinois, New York and Washington), but mostly ones that are ruby red (Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah) — have approved legislation explicitly extending in-state tuition status to undocumented students. Aside from Arizona, Mississippi and Virginia have explicitly restricted access to the lower tuition rates, says Michael A. Olivas, a law professor at the University of Houston and director of the Institute of Higher Education Law & Governance.